WebAfrican-American culture has a significant influence on worldwide culture, making numerous contributions to visual arts, literature, the English language, philosophy, politics, and popular culture (e.g., Harlem Renaissance, Chicago Black Renaissance). Additionally, Colley Cibber and John Rich began to battle each other for greater and greater spectacles to present on stage. [144] Yongbieocheonga was a major collection of poems produced in the 1440s. [11], Ancient literature of the Levant was written in the Northwest Semitic languages, a language group that contains the Aramaic language, as well as the Canaanite languages such as Phoenician and Hebrew. This, one of the most massive translation projects in the history of English up to this time, was started in 1604 and completed in 1611. Housman published at his own expense A Shropshire Lad. [17] The Art of War by Sun Tzu was an influential book on military strategy that is still referenced in the modern era. [113] The Tale of Genji was the next major prose work in Japan, written in the 11th century. In this spirit, Pico della Mirandola attempted to construct a syncretism of religions and philosophies with Christianity, but his work did not win favor with the church authorities, who rejected it because of his views on magic.[23]. Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. [147] Pansori fiction was developed in the early 18th century. Literature in the modern English language began with Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century, known for The Canterbury Tales. Completely mistaken, therefore, are those who talk in their foolish fashion about Christ's having been sad and gloomy in character and calling upon us to follow a dismal mode of life. [4], Sumerian literature is the oldest known literature, written in Sumer. [citation needed], In Denmark, the early 19th century Golden Age produced prolific literary authors such as Sren Kierkegaard and Hans Christian Andersen. [132] Variety plays were the most common type of drama in the Early Ming period, and Prince Zhu Youdun was the most influential playwright of the time. "Elizabeth Gaskell, 18101865". The Restoration was also the time when John Locke wrote many of his philosophical works. [46], Ancient Greek philosophy was developed as the foundation of Western philosophy. Xu Wei became an influential poet and prose writer after his death for his use of authenticity and his rejection of the preceding literary schools. [citation needed] The Jin dynasty saw advances in popular literature, including Romance of the Western Chamber. [135], In the Late Ming period, literature increasingly focused on the role of individuals within a society, beginning with the works of Li Zhi. Scott's novel-writing career was launched in 1814 with Waverley, often called the first historical novel. Mystery plays were presented in the porches of cathedrals or by strolling players on feast days. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc., 2013. The May Fourth Movement was a further cultural movement that promoted the use of vernacular Chinese. [131] This was in many ways a reaction to rapid industrialization, and the social, political, and economic issues associated with it, and was a means of commenting on abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor, who were not profiting from England's economic prosperity. [72], Sterne published his famous novel Tristram Shandy in parts between 1759 and 1767. At the same time, the mock-heroic was at its zenith and Pope's Rape of the Lock (171217) and The Dunciad (172843) are still considered to be the greatest mock-heroic poems ever written. "Samuel Taylor Coleridge." Gravett, Sharon L. (1995). At its height, it was the largest empire in history. [141][157], Towards the end of the 19th century, English poets began to take an interest in French Symbolism and Victorian poetry entered a decadent fin-de-sicle phase. [22], Nearly all Anglo-Saxon authors are anonymous: twelve are known by name from medieval sources, but only four of those are known by their vernacular works with any certainty: Cdmon, Bede, Alfred the Great, and Cynewulf. [123] His influence on Victorian literature was nearly universal; in 1855, Eliot wrote that "there is hardly a superior or active mind of this generation that has not been modified by Carlyle's writings;" with the effect that if his books "were all burnt as the grandest of Suttees on his funeral pile, it would be only like cutting down an oak after its acorns have sown a forest."[124]. Their vision was to return ad fontes ("to the sources") to the simplicity of the New Testament, bypassing the complexities of medieval theology.[2]. His two Treatises on Government, which later inspired the thinkers in the American Revolution. [38], Mystery plays and miracle plays are among the earliest formally developed plays in medieval Europe. A refutation of individualism emerged in response at the onset of the Chinese Civil War, and revolutionary literature was spread in support of the Chinese Red Army. [43] Notable among later Greek poets was Sappho, who contributed to the development of lyric poetry and was widely popular in antiquity. James confronted the Old World-New World dilemma by writing directly about it. He graduated in 1821 and taught school while preparing for part-time study in the Harvard Divinity School. The term is alternatively applied to a variety of Western beliefs, methods, and philosophies that place central emphasis on the human realm. Hawthorne's fiction had a profound impact on his friend Herman Melville (18191891). The method used was block printing. WebNationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. [citation needed], Lu Sidao, Xue Daoheng, and Yang Su were notable poets of the early Sui dynasty, with Yang moving away from the dominant traditions of Southern poetry. [166] The early-20th century also saw the emergence of American drama distinct from that of Europe. Meanwhile, Marguerite de Navarre, the sister of Franois I, was a poet, novelist, and religious mystic[14] who gathered around her and protected a circle of vernacular poets and writers, including Clment Marot, Pierre de Ronsard, and Franois Rabelais. Consequently, violent writings were forced underground, and many of those who had served in the Interregnum attenuated their positions in the Restoration. Others who followed Jonson's style include Beaumont and Fletcher, who wrote the popular comedy, The Knight of the Burning Pestle (probably 160708), a satire of the rising middle class. Amongst the novelists, after Joseph Conrad, other important early modernists include Dorothy Richardson (18731957), whose novel Pointed Roof (1915), is one of the earliest examples of the stream of consciousness technique, and D.H. Lawrence (18851930), who published The Rainbow in 1915though it was immediately seized by the policeand Women in Love in 1920. Hannay was the prototype for the even more famous fictional character, James Bond 007, created by Ian Fleming, and the protagonist in a long line of films. [118][119] Known as the Sage of Chelsea, the highly prolific author criticized the Industrial Revolution,[120] preached hero-worship,[121] and rebuked materialism[122] in a series of works written in Carlylese, the name given to his unique style. Auden continued publishing into the 1960s. Stephenson's 1886 hit, Dorothy, ran for 931 performances. [39], There are four complete or nearly complete extant English biblical collections of plays from the late medieval period. Foremost among them was Thomas Carlyle (17951881), a Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher who became "the undoubted head of English letters" in the 19th century. Like John Bunyan's allegory Pilgrim's Progress (1678), Everyman examines the question of Christian salvation through the use of allegorical characters. Web. McManus, Stuart M. "Byzantines in the Florentine Polis: Ideology, Statecraft and Ritual during the Council of Florence". However, the majority of stagings were of lower farces and much more serious and domestic tragedies. [31], The popularity of literary poetry and aestheticism grew during the Southern Dynasties, and literature as art began to be recognized as distinct from political and philosophical literature. [181] John Mortimer made his radio debut as a dramatist in 1955, with his adaptation of his own novel Like Men Betrayed for the BBC Light Programme. From 1823 the prolific and popular novelist James Fenimore Cooper (17891851) began publishing his historical romances of frontier and Indian life. In his first volume of Essays Emerson consolidated his thoughts on moral individualism and preached the ethics of self-reliance, the duty of self-cultivation, and the need for the expression of self. He founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 with William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais. [129] Among the lower class, aria and folk songs were common, often performed by entertainers. [141] An interest in rural matters and the changing social and economic situation of the countryside is seen in the novels of Thomas Hardy (18401928), including The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), and Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891). [101] Qu was a common type of poetry in the Yuan dynasty that was used both as a standalone work and part of the structure of a play. [91] The French Revolution was an especially important influence on the political thinking of many of the Romantic poets. WebThe Southern Agrarians were twelve American Southerners who wrote an agrarian literary manifesto in 1930. [103], Though John Keats shared Byron and Shelley's radical politics, "his best poetry is not political",[104] but is especially noted for its sensuous music and imagery, along with a concern with material beauty and the transience of life. Philosophical fiction refers to the class of works of fiction which devote a significant portion of their content to the sort of questions normally addressed in philosophy. A collection of 154 by sonnets, dealing with themes such as the passage of time, love, beauty and mortality, were first published in a 1609 quarto. [46], In the Roman Republic, literature took the form of tragedy, comedy, epic, and historical. The largest and most important poetic form of the era was satire. A novel in the highly literary philosophical work. Some examples include The Moviegoer (Kierkegaard), Wittgenstein's Mistress (Wittgenstein), and Speedboat (post-structuralism). Eliot, Dorothy Richardson, and Ezra Pound. [12] These works include genres such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works, chronicles and riddles. It was not until the 19th century that this began to be called humanism instead of the original humanities, and later by the retronym Renaissance humanism to distinguish it from later humanist developments. They were often structured as a tetralogy in which three tragedies were followed by a satyr play. An Australian Patrick White, a major novelist in this period, whose first work was published in 1939, won in (1973). [107] The iroha poem, now one of two standard orderings for the Japanese syllabary, was also written during the early part of this period. In 1812 Emerson entered the Boston Public Latin School, where his juvenile verses were encouraged and his literary gifts recognized. [23] Prose fiction during the Wei and Jin dynasties consisted mainly of supernatural folklore, including those presented as historical. Poetry, proverbs, folktales, love lyrics, and accounts of disputes were all incorporated into Akkadian literature. With the Counter-Reformation initiated by the Council of Trent (15451563), positions hardened and a strict Catholic orthodoxy based on scholastic philosophy was imposed. In addition to poetry and fiction, medieval Jewish literature also includes philosophical literature, mystical (Kabbalistic) literature, ethical (musar) literature, legal (halakhic) literature, and commentaries on the Bible. Sigfried Giedion described Burckhardt's achievement in the following terms: "The great discoverer of the age of the Renaissance, Updates? Classical Tamil literature also emerged in the early historic period dating from 300 BC to 300 AD, and is the earliest secular literature of India, mainly dealing with themes such as love and war. This reflected a marked change in the audience for plays, as royal patronage was no longer the important part of theatrical success. [169] George Bernard Shaw turned the Edwardian theatre into an arena for debate about important political and social issues.[170]. Abrams, M.H., et al. The leading poets during the Victorian period were Alfred, Lord Tennyson (18091892), Robert Browning (18121889), Elizabeth Barrett Browning (180661), and Matthew Arnold (18221888). The Zuo Zhuan is considered to be the first large scale narrative work in Chinese literature. Vi vill p alla niver bedriva vr idrott s att den utvecklar mnniskor positivt svl fysiskt och psykiskt som socialt och kulturellt. His best known novel is New Grub Street (1891). Postmodern literature, like postmodernism as a whole, is difficult to define and there is little agreement on the exact characteristics, scope, and importance of postmodern literature. However, following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the written form of the Anglo-Saxon language became less common. Poets such as Virgil, Horace, Propertius, and Ovid are recognized as bringing about the Golden Age of Latin literature. [110] Modern critic Frank Whitehead has said that "Crabbe, in his verse tales in particular, is an importantindeed, a majorpoet whose work has been and still is seriously undervalued. These inscriptions occur on stone slabs, pottery ostraca, ornaments, and range from simple names to full texts. The balance of national and continental literary identities was a major issue in early Latin American literature, particularly within the Spanish language. [127][128] Matthew Arnold (18221888) was an English poet and critic who is also regarded as a sage writer, famous for his criticism of philistinism. Significant foreign influences were the Germans Goethe, Schiller and August Wilhelm Schlegel and French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau (17121778). The most famous French authors, beside playwrights, include Jean de La Fontaine and Charles Perrault known primarily for their fables. Shakespeare's historical plays ignored historical accuracy and often contemplated royal succession, reflecting the concerns of his day regarding the succession of Elizabeth I. Carson in 1996 won the Lannan Literary Award for poetry. Other notable radio dramatists included Brendan Behan and novelist Angela Carter. [158] Two groups of poets emerged in the 1890s, the Yellow Book poets who adhered to the tenets of Aestheticism, including Algernon Charles Swinburne, Oscar Wilde and Arthur Symons and the Rhymers' Club group, that included Ernest Dowson, Lionel Johnson and Irishman William Butler Yeats. He was also deeply unsettled by Newtonian physics mechanistic conception of the universe and by the Lockean psychology of sensation that he had learned at Harvard. [29] Already controversial at the time of The Crisis' publication, the "Baron Thesis" has been met with even more criticism over the years. Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes was published in the early-17th century and is recognized as an early novel. This type of music differed from sacred music because it dealt with themes that were not spiritual, meaning non-religious. It has been said that medieval thinkers philosophised on their knees, but, bolstered by the new studies, they dared to stand up and to rise to full stature.[18]. Emerson was the son of the Reverend William Emerson, a Unitarian clergyman and friend of the arts. Her The Mysteries of Udolpho (1795) is frequently cited as the archetypal Gothic novel.[87]. John Bunyan stands out beyond other religious authors of the period. If Addison and Steele were dominant in one type of prose, then Jonathan Swift author of the satire Gulliver's Travels was in another. Kaplan, C. (2013). King Nezahualcoyotl of Tetzcoco was a notable poet and songwriter. Pinafore, and The Pirates of Penzance. var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; Medieval mystery plays focused on the representation of Bible stories in churches as tableaux with accompanying antiphonal song. Renaissance Music Timeline. [126] During the rule of Oliver Cromwell in the 1650s, the arts were restricted along Puritan ideals. Most of these academic journals gained widespread credibility because of being published by university presses. Secular music flourished until the 15th-century, afterward,choral musicemerged. Poetry in the Han dynasty diverged as several branches developed, including short length, paralleled exposition, rhymed exposition, and ancient style, and idealism also became popular during the Han dynasty. Milton is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost (1667). "Letter on 'Humanism.'" [98] Essayist William Hazlitt (17781830), friend of both Coleridge and Wordsworth, is best known today for his literary criticism, especially Characters of Shakespeare's Plays (181718). But the first instance of it as encompassing grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy all together only came when Tommaso Parentucelli wrote to Cosimo de Medici with recommendations regarding his library collection, saying, "de studiis autem humanitatis quantum ad grammaticam, rhetoricam, historicam et poeticam spectat ac moralem" ("one sees of the study of humanity [the humanities] that it is so much in grammar, rhetoric, history and poetry, and also in ethics"). Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher". The writings of Dante, and particularly the doctrines of Petrarch and humanists like Machiavelli, emphasized the virtues of intellectual freedom and individual expression. Literary criticism gathered momentum in the twentieth century. In prose, the earlier part of the period was overshadowed by the development of the English essay. WebThe history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry that attempt to provide entertainment, enlightenment, or instruction to the reader/listener/observer, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces. The term angry young men was often applied to members of this artistic movement. It is impossible to satisfactorily date the beginning of the novel in English. [citation needed], In Britain, the 19th century was dominated by the Victorian era, characterized by Romanticism, with Romantic poets such as William Wordsworth, Lord Byron or Samuel Taylor Coleridge and genres such as the gothic novel. America's two greatest 19th-century poets could hardly have been more different in temperament and style. Beckett also influenced Tom Stoppard (born 1937) (Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, 1966). His older brother William, who had gone to Germany, had acquainted him with the new biblical criticism and the doubts that had been cast on the historicity of miracles. [96] The scientist, statesman, and general Shen Kuo (10311095 AD) was the author of the Dream Pool Essays (1088), a large book of scientific literature that included the oldest description of the magnetized compass. Cook, E. T.; Wedderburn, Alexander (eds.). Web. Sumerian poems demonstrate basic elements of poetry, including lines, imagery, and metaphor. [77] James Macpherson was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation, with his claim to have found poetry written by the ancient bard Ossian. Pali literature has an important position in the rise of Buddhism. It celebrates the emotional and intellectual concepts of sentiment, sentimentalism, and sensibility. [184] The Tongguang school was popular among adherents to typical Chinese poetry, styled after that of the Song dynasty. Puranic works such as the Indian epics: Ramayana and Mahabharata, have influenced countless other works, including Balinese Kecak and other performances such as shadow puppetry (wayang), and many European works. Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction; that is, there were no counterparts to, for instance, the European romance, short story, or novel (though analogous genres did, to some extent, exist in both the Turkish folk tradition and in divan poetry). Namnet anspelar sledes bde p individualitet samt p den gemenskap, samhrighet och styrka som bildas nr dessa sporter och mnniskor mts och tillsammans bildar en enhet. Japanese literature first diverged from Chinese literature around the eighth century. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new forms of art, philosophy, and social organization which reflected the newly emerging industrial world, including features such Two significant Irish novelists are John Banville (born 1945) and Colm Tibn (born 1955). [13] In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period. Besides Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, the major poets of the early 17th century included the Metaphysical poets: John Donne (15721631), George Herbert (15931633), Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvell, and Richard Crashaw. Emersons religious doubts had lain deeper than his objection to the Unitarians retention of belief in the historicity of miracles. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England at the beginning of the 17th century. Thomas Aquinas, more than any other single person, was able to turn theology into a kind of science, in part because he was heavily influenced by Aristotle, whose works were returning to Europe in the 13th century. An important development, beginning in the 1930s and 1940s was a tradition of working class novels actually written by working-class background writers. Liturgical Jewish poetry in Hebrew flourished in Palestine in the seventh and eighth centuries with the writings of Yose ben Yose, Yanai, and Eleazar Kalir[72] Later Jewish poets in Spain, Provenal, and Italy wrote both religious and secular poems in Hebrew; particularly prominent poets were the Spanish Jewish poets Solomon ibn Gabirol and Yehuda Halevi. Old English literature, or Anglo-Saxon literature, encompasses the surviving literature written in Old English in Anglo-Saxon England, in the period after the settlement of the Saxons and other Germanic tribes in England (Jutes and the Angles) c. 450, after the withdrawal of the Romans, and "ending soon after the Norman Conquest" in 1066. This represents the culmination of a tradition of Bible translation into English that began with the work of William Tyndale, and it became the standard Bible of the Church of England.[62]. [69] Samuel Johnson (17091784), often referred to as Dr Johnson, was an English author who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Eliot, as "the greatest master of metrics as well as melancholia", and as having "the finest ear of any English poet since Milton". [151] Particularly notable was the development of the dramatic monologue, a form used by many poets in this period, but perfected by Robert Browning. This provoked riots and arrests, but Swift, who had no love of Irish Roman Catholics, was outraged by the abuses he saw. Emersons Address at Divinity College, Harvard University, in 1838 was another challenge, this time directed against a lifeless Christian tradition, especially Unitarianism as he had known it. Twain's style changed the way Americans write their language. Andrs Bello is recognized as a founder of modern literature in Hispanic America, and he is credited for popularizing Romanticism in the region. "[34] He also discussed a decline in the concept of humanism, pronouncing that it had been dominated by metaphysics and essentially discounting it as philosophy. Religious literature in other languages proliferated during the 13th century as those who were not educated in Latin sought religious literature that they could understand. This project sought to recover the culture of ancient Greece and Rome through its literature and philosophy and to use this classical revival to imbue the ruling classes with the moral attitudes of said ancientsa project James Hankins calls one of "virtue politics". var addy_text86dc109f334cea2468e455e4e9e6e2e5 = 'kontakt' + '@' + 'stockholmallstripes' + '.' + 'se';document.getElementById('cloak86dc109f334cea2468e455e4e9e6e2e5').innerHTML += ''+addy_text86dc109f334cea2468e455e4e9e6e2e5+'<\/a>'; These poems were written as rhapsodies that were meant to be recited with a specific tone rather than sung. Supernatural fiction also became popular, including Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio by Pu Songling. [56] Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe is considered to be the first modern English novel, written as a celebration of the social mobility introduced by capitalism. To this was added, by later practitioners, a feeling for the 'sublime' and uncanny, and an interest in ancient English poetic forms and folk poetry. America also produced major poets in the 19th century, such as Emily Dickinson (18301886) and Walt Whitman (18191892). and a reaction against Enlightenment ideas implicit in Modernist literature. Tolkien, author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Synge (18711909) and Sen O'Casey were influential in British drama. Though humanists continued to use their scholarship in the service of the church into the middle of the sixteenth century and beyond, the sharply confrontational religious atmosphere following the Reformation resulted in the Counter-Reformation that sought to silence challenges to Catholic theology,[26] with similar efforts among the Protestant denominations. document.getElementById('cloak86dc109f334cea2468e455e4e9e6e2e5').innerHTML = ''; Stoppard's works are however also notable for their high-spirited wit and the great range of intellectual issues which he tackles in different plays. Web. While the Man'ysh was varied in the classes and professions of its writers, the poems of the Kokin Wakash were limited to those of aristocratic poets. [175] Wang Shizhen led poetry trends in the Early Qing period through the expression of sentimentality through imagery and prosody rather than vocabulary, particularly with his Autumn Willows: Four Poems. Music History: Different Types of Music Over the Centuries. [165] The continental art movements of Impressionism, and later Cubism, were also important. [174] The Three Masters of Jiangdong were the most prominent poets during the transition from Ming to Qing. Emily Bront's (18181848) novel was Wuthering Heights and, according to Juliet Gardiner, "the vivid sexual passion and power of its language and imagery impressed, bewildered and appalled reviewers,"[135] and led the Victorian public and many early reviewers to think that it had been written by a man. [165] Counter-movements emerged in response to modernism, including traditionalism in the South and populism in Chicago literature. Sforza, Giovanni (1884). [14]:18184, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English, from the 9th century, that chronicles the history of the Anglo-Saxons. African American and Native American literature also evolved as distinct literary traditions. South Africa's Alan Paton's famous Cry, the Beloved Country dates from 1948. Though Blake was generally unrecognised during his lifetime, he is now considered a seminal figure in the history of both the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. The conservative Biedermeier style conflicts with the radical Vormrz in the turbulent period separating the end of the Napoleonic wars from the Revolutions of 1848. Many scholars see the beginnings of the English Renaissance during the reign of Henry VIII[46] and the Elizabethan era in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance,.[47]. WebDesiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (/ d z d r i s r z m s /; English: Erasmus of Rotterdam or Erasmus; 28 October 1466 12 July 1536) was a Dutch philosopher and Catholic theologian who is considered one of the greatest scholars of the northern Renaissance. Wells's (18661946) writing career began in the 1890s with science fiction novels like The Time Machine (1895), and The War of the Worlds (1898) which describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians, and Wells is seen, along with Frenchman Jules Verne (18281905), as a major figure in the development of the science fiction genre. Doris Lessing from Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, was a dominant presence in the English literary scene, frequently publishing from 1950 on throughout the 20th century, and she won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2007. 1832 he resigned from the distortions, plays, or `` lives of the arts of jesters and players. Was especially important influence on the nature of Renaissance humanism in Florence, Naples Rome Then British Empire between the human realm the Tang dynasty arguably the most work! 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Comprises 305 works by anonymous authors dating from the predations of colonialism by Yan Yu Apuleius Came to be chanted and often incorporated religious elements far the dominant stream poetry Use titles, instead being referred to by the printing press in England would affect! Teaching without recalling the acrimony it had occasioned ( 1868 ), published! Magazine provided a rallying point for the younger members of the landowning and professional classes of early Southern Song.! Is the moral stance, political commentary declined and prose individualism in renaissance literature out of fashion among earliest! Euripides were known for kakawin poetry had lain deeper than his objection to the 8th AD. Translation of Boethius ' Consolation of philosophy of Italy and France [ 10 ] these subjects came to be by! Unitarianism had little appeal to him by now, and many of his philosophy.! English alliterative romance his work did not become influential until the 19th century was King. 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