[44], This article is about the hair care product. Yeah, if you put less water in you should be good pour in w/a cup instead of using the facet to lessen the likelihood of mistakes. We didnt suggest people use Toms of Maine, we said that we USED to use it prior to making our own; but thanks for the info. ~but I kept my subscription to DIY Natural~ Thank you for always sharing such great stuff!!!!! 7 (up to 7 shade whiter) shades whiter. There are no studies or research on how effective they are in removing dirt and germs from the skin. One of the simplest things you can do is to avoid each of the toxic ingredients we listed above. Remember, each batch yields the equivalent of one 5.3oz tube of toothpaste which you can store in a small storage container somewhere close to your toothbrush. Thanks a million! In fact now that over a week has passed since I ran out of store bought toothpaste (I used to have problems with dry mouth) my teeth actually feel way cleaner and the dry mouth issue is almost completely gone. Thats one advantage of traditional toothpaste. Antiseborrheic shampoos are those especially designed for pets with scales or those with excessive oily coats. Check out the Weston Price Foundation, he was a dentist. [9][10], In the case of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, unprecedented amounts of Corexit were sprayed directly into the ocean at the leak and on the sea-water's surface. 1) I occasionally buy toothpaste at the dollar store, so its costing even less than your homemade version here (being a dollar) Eat well, chew your food thoroughly, rinse with water, brush gently when you need to, and take care of your special situations in the gentlest manner possible, and be blessed. Yes, it improved. So to say just because you didnt use flouride caused you cavities and when you started using flouride they stopped has no basis. bottle! Hydrocarbon groups are usually lipophilic, for use in soaps and detergents, while fluorocarbon groups are lipophobic, for use in repelling stains or reducing surface tension. Other surfactants produced on a particularly large scale are linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (1.7 million tons/y), lignin sulfonates (600,000 tons/y), fatty alcohol ethoxylates (700,000 tons/y), and alkylphenol ethoxylates (500,000 tons/y).[4]. Green Stripe- All Natural You may disable these by changing your browser settings, but it will affect how the site works. I also have receeding gums and have no pain or sensitivity issues since switching over. V. What would you suggest for a 1 and 1/2 year old? Surfactants are compounds that decrease the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid.Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, or dispersants.The word "surfactant" is a blend of surface-active agent, coined c. 1950.. Our family has been using straight baking soda for 2 years. Mother & Baby. Sunday Services. thanks for your help! I am getting dentures for top. Millions of real salary data collected from government and companies - annual starting salaries, average salaries, payscale by company, job title, and city. They are just another option for us to try out and see if it works for us. The process has been successfully used to prepare organs such as the liver and heart for transplant in rats. A trick to try is to make it more palatable is to mix in some coconut oil and xylitol. Give him just baking soda (which wont harm him if he swallows) and work with him. Thank you for this recipe and your other ones. God Bless you! I just made this using orange essential oil. This bar is made with 100% natural and organic ingredients and never contains fillers, parabens, chemicals, sulfates, or ingredients that are going to irritate your skin. Wash the palette with hot water and soap to remove some of the film that causes paint to bead up in the mixing area. My husband said he always had his gums bleed a little when he brushed his teeth and that went away too, once he started pulling. What is the chemical formula for liquid soap? Hmmm lemon and mint? Now my gums are healthier than ever, no more bleeding and my teeth are cleaner than any toothpaste could ever get them. People should avoid using Hydrogen Peroxide if they plan to store the toothpaste because the acidity of it can eat through plastic storage containers use water instead. The government further regulates what shampoo manufacturers can and cannot claim as any associated benefit. Im always trying to save money, and I love things that are natural and not processed or mass produced. Youll be amazed what you find when you start digging. 27 Apr. Its still all about $$$$$. I recommend using just baking soda to brush once a week because it keeps your teeth really clean. I think you can go without abrasion and use some natural antimicrobial/cleaning agents out there. It is less mess and reusable, as well as sanitary. Well I used a different recipe but did use the orange oil I mentioned and it turned out great! How To Make Liquid Soap: Simple Process for Natural Liquid Soap! Organic soap bars have been proven to be beneficial in many ways such as being less harsh on the skin and having fewer chemicals than other soaps. Fluoride has been linked to all kinds of health problems including hypothyroidism that I will have the rest of my life. Agents that increase surface tension are "surface Agreed, it should be avoided especially in drinking water where fluorosilicic acid is used rather than naturally occurring fluoride. This diarrhea can occur in children or sensitive people of any age when concentrations get too high.. Sulfates found naturally in the air could interact with other chemicals to form sulfuric acid. 1 tablespoon xylitol, powdered (I only had granulated. Soap bars tend to get overlooked and are so underrated in the world of soap. Heres an article we wrote about homemade natural mouthwash. Jessica, you bought these at a candy making store? The taste was still salty but I was wondering if these spicy additions were ok??? Bathing & Soaps Bathing Accessories Bath Bombs & Salts Bath Soak & Oil Kids Bathing Hand Wash Soap. Living in Santa Fe, NM I developed terrible allergies and a real sensitivity to chemicals which got me totally away from fragrances which are mostly combos of chemicals and not real perfume. Erin. I stumbled upon your site when i ran out of conditioner ( & not a lot of $ to buy it) & googled how to make my own!!! Sodium Hydrocarbonate , unlike all main scrubbing elements ( silica- basically sand, or chalk) in the commercial toothpastes, is water-soluble compound. You can find many different recipes for making small-batch liquid soap, but the general process remains the same. To put things in perspective, fluoride is ALL NATURAL. Homemade toothpaste is simple to make and requires just a few everyday ingredients. Made the toothpaste last night and all went well. You can use less oil than extract. I also use colloidal silver to kill bacteria in my mouth, and in my body, and on my skin and in my inner ears. 2005 - 2022 WebMD LLC. And so what if flouride is a toxic poison? The need for washing with soap is clear. Most people dont know where fluoride comes from or what it actually is. Eating GREEN veggies is the best help Ive found. We make homemade DIY eczema cream because the makers of commercial creams use petroleum which is not good for the skin, despite their claims! But I got her teeth brushed. Shampoo is generally made by combining a surfactant, most often sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium laureth sulfate, with a co-surfactant, most often cocamidopropyl betaine in water. 2. The paint will still bead up for a little while in the mixing areas when you start using the. We encourage you to find the proportions and ingredients for a toothpaste youll love. 'Liquid Gold' as it is commonly known as, Argan Oil provides a fantastic skin feel from high Vitamin E and fatty acid content. If they are saying this about water then how would toothpaste be any different considering children swallow more than they spit out? You can find many different recipes for making small-batch liquid soap, but the general process remains the same. Fluoride is probably one of the biggest scams of the 20th and 21st century. If youre still skeptical about fluoride, then just do this for me, please: avoid it, but make sure your child has a treatment performed by a dentist, which will minimize consumption, every 6 months or so. Also, I had 13 mercury fillings removed by a holistic dentist, and have talked to several holistic dentists, and one of the best recipes is as follows: (This is the basic recipe I add essential oils and other things myself.) I have just started buying it in larger quantities as Im using it in my cleaners and laundry soap, but didnt know there was a more natural form of it; Id just been buying Walmarts brand. BTW, extra floride from toothpastes such as sensodyne actually seem to strengthen my enamel because the pain lessens when I use it. Anyone know if Trader Joes carries it? Maybe that is where we get the saying, what doesnt kill you only makes you stronger. ? it is generally assumed that, because the item has made it to the shelf for sale, that it is safe for use/consumption. During this stage, other ingredients may be added to increase shelf life, cleansing power or marketability. Question what are the ingredients in your traditional toothpaste and where do they come from? I have no doubt theres at least some level of truth to that, as it makes economic sense and the govt/lowest bidder setup. Other types of aggregates can also be formed, such as spherical or cylindrical micelles or lipid bilayers. Hydrogen bonding decreases with increasing temperature, and the water solubility of non-ionic surfactants therefore decreases with increasing temperature. Go have that sealer removed immediately! Thanks for this!!! While BD holds the opinion that it is helpful, and I hold the opinion that it is harmful (based on our individual research/experience) you are encouraged to do your own research. I have not done to much research on this so Iam not sure all the facts but it is interesting to point out. Intestinal pain. This acid is known to be corrosive, and it can affect your health if youre exposed to it. Liquid Hand Soap: EO Tea Tree Peppermint. cup white cosmetic clay Ive been mixing up home cleaning products 409 and Fantastik using Tri-Sodium-Phosphate (and a few other ingredients) TSP from Home Depot Unfortunately, that is a common misconception. Non solubles, on he othe hand, are harsh and abrasive on enamel, but they are dirt cheap!!! A very effective early shampoo was made by boiling Sapindus with dried Indian gooseberry (amla) and a selection of other herbs, using the strained extract. Not trying to start a debate here, but I had to comment on BDs post: I can thank this recipe for all the cavities I had when I was a kid. Interesting Michelle, thanks for sharing. [emailprotected] Pre-Columbian Andean civilizations used this soapy by-product as a shampoo.[21]. If youre not already be sure to subscribe so you dont miss the updated recipe. IDM Members' meetings for 2022 will be held from 12h45 to 14h30.A zoom link or venue to be sent out before the time.. Wednesday 16 February; Wednesday 11 May; Wednesday 10 August; Wednesday 09 November Asia and when I went out to look for the essential oils, nobody could tell me for sure if the peppermint essential oil was food-grade or not. I have to say I was heavily skeptical as nothing else has ever worked, but since using this there has been no bleeding!! Betaines such as cocamidopropyl betaine have a carboxylate with the ammonium. My face and throat began to feel like it was swelling and my breathing harder. Their method was to cut the wide end of the tube off and use a baggy with a small hole cut in the corner so that the mix could be squeezed into the empty toothpaste tube, then that end is closed with the toothpaste squeezer (for the lack of a better term, preventing leaks from that end. Also, be sure youre flossing daily, and you can try making a tea tree mouthwash. Jesus bless you! Were working on another toothpaste containing Xylitol. My mom suffers from Lupus and Fibromyalgia. Just like with all other products you use on your body you must make sure the soap you are using is made with natural and organic ingredients that are safe and healthy for your body. I had TONS of cavities growing up. And second, it is a cumulative poison. I recently made toothpaste using your recipe. The higher the concentration, the higher the chance you have of getting a skin reaction. A good, healthy, low-sugar diet (includeing cokes, soft drinks, etc), along with regular flossing and dental visits will help keep cavities at bay. Sadly, some syrup does contain wheat or other ingredients that can include gluten. this common ingredient is found in all types of soap including bar soaps. Some cookies are essential, but we would also like to use cookies which provide basic data on how it is used. This website explains all uses for Xylitol. 1 teaspoon baking soda From what youve said I would encourage people to avoid processed foods but also to brush daily but yeah, using toothpaste has little to do with it. While the ingredient responsible for this protection does block UV, it is not often present in a high enough concentration to be effective. How long is the shelf-life of the toothpaste if made with baking soda, peppermint extract and water? I never had one cavity until I moved to a place with flouride in the water as well for some reason. So, they go with just one. They usually contain oils such as almond, corn, cottonseed, coconut, olive, peanut, Persia, safflower, sesame, lanolin, mineral or paraffin oil. Do not use too much of it though, as its very pungent. .-= Mrs. Micahs last blog ..Are Crazy Personal Finance Goals and Challenges Better Than Slow and Steady? There are So many things to comment on for this thread.but here are my 2 cents. She also provides additional information on teeth-care. I dont think he had a lot of trouble with his teeth, either. Xing110 When I dont have my tootbrush on the charger, (it lasts all week on a charge), I keep my brush inside a toothbrush holder emersed in HP mixed w/waternext time Ill just use HP. DISCLAIMER: Information on DIY Natural is not reviewed or endorsed by the FDA and is NOT intended to be substituted for the advice of your health care professional. Most of these shampoos contain ingredients which act differently and are meant to treat a skin condition or an allergy or to fight against fleas. It also has antifungal properties to help keep the bar of soap fresh and safe. Baking soda shouldnt be drying at all. Hmmm. . dilution, in case the product comes in contact with eyes after running off the top of the head with minimal further dilution, adjusting pH to that of non-stress tears, approximately 7, which may be a higher pH than that of shampoos which are pH adjusted for skin or hair effects, and lower than that of shampoo made of soap. It takes nearly 30 rinses to get this coating off your teeth. Without a magnetic field, charged particles from the sun would fry the planet. I am also an RDA In a dental office & do perio surgery- it Is an ecellent polisher & cleaner & the salt Is also an antibacterial , however .. used to often can cause receding of gums, but if you always use a soft toothbrush ( always recommend) & do not put to much mucsle into it you can get away with it- it removes stains excellent & i recommend it to my patients to use a few times a month, for polishing . I found if I added too much water, the water separated from the mixture making it look gross. Yeah, actually I started doing this after writing this post I should update it. I thought I read somewhere on here to use distilled water to the mix. . I would probably mix spearmint and peppermint extract, as they both have some anti-microbial activity. Lets say that every 2 months 2 million toothpaste plastic tubes end up in a landfill. Avoiding fluoride in children all together is reckless and dumb. While baking soda is an ingredient in a lot of commercial toothpastes, I was told by my dentist its too abrasive to use daily all by itself. Liquid Hand Soap: EO Tea Tree Peppermint. 20 drops of tincture of myrrh They are made with natural ingredients and have a lot of benefits for our skin. This is accomplished by one or more of the following formulation strategies. Anyone have any experience with this or suggestions? Cosmetics designed to enhance or alter one's appearance (makeup) can be used to conceal blemishes, enhance one's natural The cost savings will be between $4.37 $3.61 per tube! None were life-threatening, but none-the-less they were damaging to their health and well-being. Baking soda is just sodium bicarbonate. Systemic, Hyphal, Fungal Candida live in the inner ear, the skin, the jaw, the digestive tract, and many other places. Funny thing about wanting to go natural is that you have to play in the mud to not get dirty. Thanks Matt! certified non-toxic. Sapindus, also known as soapberries or soapnuts, a tropical tree widespread in India, is called ksuna (Sanskrit: )[6] in ancient Indian texts and its fruit pulp contains saponins which are a natural surfactant. I remember as a kid we had a toothpaste that had clove oil in it. I use 2 parts baking soda, 1 part salt, 1 part xylitol, and peppermint oil. Does anyone get this as well? Modern shampoo as it is known today was first introduced in the 1930s with Drene, the first shampoo using synthetic surfactants instead of soap. Im not going to delve into the conspiracy theories. Everyone and everyones eating habits, brushing habits, genetics, dental care are different. You can put some of those spikey leaves to good use. I have been making my own toothpaste for about 6 months and use coconut oil instead of water to make the paste. By questions/problem is, the mint smell, taste and feel dissipated after about 2 days. The active ingredient in Corexit is dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS), sorbitan monooleate (Span 80), and polyoxyethylenated sorbitan monooleate (Tween-80). Nothing bad, nasty, or toxic to be found, which we love. 1 teaspoon ground spearmint Virginia Smith (2007), Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity, Oxford University Press, https://www.rausch.ch/ueber-uns/geschichte.html, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Hobson-Jobson: The words English owes to India, History of Indian Science, Technology and Culture, "Thick, lush, sexy hair from drugstore products", "Response of gugo to differing potting media", Department of Environment and Natural Resources, "How To Make Clarifying Shampoo Dermatologist Explains Clarifying Shampoos", "Will your shampoo make your hair fall out? Bile salts, a surfactant produced in the liver, play an important role in digestion. Well, it turns out that it can actually wear away your tooth enamel permanently, and in addition to never being able to get it back, itll be more prone to sensitivity and cavities. If your ingredient list is beginning to sound like a scientific experiment and you cant even pronounce the ingredients, this is a definite indication that soap is not natural and contains harmful chemicals. Glycol distearate is a wax. Kind of foams in your mouth. Ha ha! Do you know if this is true and if so what would you recommend? I saw harshness of baking soda is almost nothing in terms of RDA, All this talk about baking soda damaging the tooth enamel is, in my opinion, a total noncense! But in a flat planet, that would have to be replaced by something else. Youve been scammed. Also, I might point out Arm & Hammer has a baking soda toothpaste on the market. You always want to take the scan of the ingredient list. Also, didnt brush my teeth as a child, but did eat lots of fresh veggies. We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. These must never be used on humans. Amid rising prices and economic uncertaintyas well as deep partisan divisions over social and political issuesCalifornians are processing a great deal of information to help them choose state constitutional officers and state another word for drawing and painting. Here are the color codes and what they mean. I will have to try this. . Formaldehyde is a dangerous chemical that causes issues like skin irritation and a variety of respiratory issues. Shampoo (/mpu/) is a hair care product, typically in the form of a viscous liquid, that is used for cleaning hair. We all learned this in D school. Can Kaolin Clay be used instead of the white cosmetic clay, I cant seem to find it. I used it for about 3 mos. Surface rheology can be characterized by the oscillating drop method or shear surface rheometers such as double-cone, double-ring or magnetic rod shear surface rheometer. Kurt Kosswig "Surfactants" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2005, Weinheim. Dont bother with Toms of Maine either. Does anyone know? I do not doubt for one second that we can and probably should lower the ppm found in tap the increase in fluorosis in teeth is well documented these days from over exposure. The only real research that has ever come out was a study about increased osteosarcoma rates in males on fluoridated water, but later studies found no connection. Before you start trying to treat your scalp condition, make sure you know which it is (a good web search should help you figure this out). And please people. , Here is some info at http://kingsdaughters21.blogspot.com/2012/01/natures-way.html. is this recipe safe to use with electric toothbrushes? I use this and then I brush with Natural Baking Soda, which I bought in a health food store that has no aluminum in it. Shampoo intended for animals may contain insecticides or other medications for treatment of skin conditions or parasite infestations such as fleas or mange. [33] These usually contain colloidal oatmeal, hydrocortisone, Aloe vera, pramoxine hydrochloride, menthol, diphenhydramine, sulfur or salicylic acid. Its very abrasive and should be used sparingly on your teeth if at all. Ivory soap on your toothbrush works fantastically well. The calcium bentonite clay is a mild abrasive, helps recalcify the teeth and pulls the toxins out of your gums and cavities if there is decay.. Ive been able to find tea tree oil easily at Kmart. Contact us to request an online account. Aromatherapy & Home Pure Essential Oil Blended Essential Oil Base & Carrier Oils Ear Candles Crystals, Incense & Rollerballs Candles & Their homemade shampoo recipe shouldnt give you dandruff. .-= Money Funks last blog ..7 Traits of Women Entrepreneurs =-. I use the homemade paste 2x per day and prior to making my own used it 1-2 times per week to help with whitening. [12], Sake Dean Mahomed, an Bengali traveller, surgeon, and entrepreneur, is credited with introducing the practice of shampoo or "shampooing" to Britain. Thoroughly useful in the process of unlearning all the bad habits our society has taught us! Cookies that make the site function. I am going to be conducting a bunch of experiments using homemade recipes for teeth, hair, skin and cleaning. Right now I am working on getting more water and milk kifir into the kids then I am going to try frementing my own foods withthe whey from the milk kefir. IDM Members' meetings for 2022 will be held from 12h45 to 14h30.A zoom link or venue to be sent out before the time.. Wednesday 16 February; Wednesday 11 May; Wednesday 10 August; Wednesday 09 November Organic soap bars are a great alternative to the chemical-laden products that we are used to. Also agrochemical formulations such as herbicides (some), insecticides, biocides (sanitizers), and spermicides (nonoxynol-9). Side note: Ive been wanting to add bentonite clay, but am worried about the fillings, I have A LOT of mercury fillings, and read about a lot of ppl getting very sick as the bentonite began pulling the mercury from the fillings, destroying them slowly, then making the ppl really sick from a sort of detox effect do you have mercury fillings perchance? I started wondering about this when one person said that baking soda foams in his mouth, which it should not, but baking powder will, because that is what is used to leaven baked goods. The kids werent too fond of it , so next time i will leave out the salt for thier batch and maybe add a lil vanilla with the mint. Thank you! The emollient shampoos are typically used with emulsifiers as they help distributing the emollients. You mentioned Glass bottled Pepsi and made my mouth water . certified non-toxic. Manual on the Applicability of Oil Dispersants; Version 2; 2009", "The biodegradation of surfactants in the environment", Market Study on Surfactants (2nd edition, April 2015), by Ceresana Research, "Progress Toward an Artificial Liver Transplant NIH Research Matters", "Hydroxylation of the surface of PbS nanocrystals passivated with oleic acid", "Surfactants in droplet-based microfluidics", "A Janustype Heterogeneous Surfactant for Adipic Acid Synthesis", "Surfactant Classification | Types of Surfactants | Uses of Surfactants", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surfactant&oldid=1119752044, Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from February 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Giant bubbles, coloured bubbles, freezing, This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 06:25. Baking soda is an acid. All of our worship services include powerful music, practical teaching and preaching from the Bible, as well as opportunities for prayer and response, and time to build relationships with other people. I make my own toothpaste and now laundry detergent and dishwasher detergent as well. (Baking soda also works as a face scrub!) perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Thats part of the beauty of it you can create whatever you like! The most common biological zwitterionic surfactants have a phosphate anion with an amine or ammonium, such as the phospholipids phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelins. Yeah, Im sure I could do straight baking soda too if I wanted to save more money although I doubt my wife would. However, some individuals with sensitive skin and gastrointestinal systems can have reactions to the sulfate compounds and the mineral salts. My advice is to only brush once per day with paste. If you want to learn a bunch about fluoride and oral health, check out this amazing web site. Generally, this means the ingredients are going to be safe, natural, and non-toxic. At least on a toothbrush. this common ingredient is found in all types of soap including bar soaps. Re-usable, has a cap, precise application ^_^, Thanks for the tip Shawn. Dentists typically say it is beneficial when applied to the teeth of children, but I encourage you to do a little research of your own Im guessing youll come out holding the same opinion as me. [34] On the contrary, oatmeal appears to be one of the most widely skin-tolerated ingredients that is found in pet shampoos. Thank you, thank you! Actually baking soda (and hydrogen peroxide) are good for your gums. Metabolic Signatures of Surface-Modified Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles in Differentiated THP-1 Cells Derived with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-based Metabolomics. I am going to try this. This site is full of smart people. I hated to switch back to regular toothpaste but the dentist suggested this would be best and I now use a brand for sensitive teeth. Im 58 years old, had great teeth all my life, so it was very disappointing that I very likely actually damaged my teeth using this formula. I glad I found this site. I would say 3parts clay 1part soda. Black Stripe- All Chemicals. Dynamic surface tensions, i.e. What is the chemical formula for liquid soap? Homemade Eczema Cream: A Natural Solution That Works! Wash the palette with hot water and soap to remove some of the film that causes paint to bead up in the mixing area. =-. 2 TBSP coconut oil From bar to liquid and even powder, soap is used globally in different ways. California voters have now received their mail ballots, and the November 8 general election has entered its final stage. One example of a pharmaceutical pulmonary surfactant is Survanta (beractant) or its generic form Beraksurf, produced by Abbvie and Tekzima respectively. The mixture hardens over time and the bars come out of the tray when they are ready to be used. Sorry, great site!!! However, many people believe that there is no risk in using them as long as youre careful about how you use them and what type of soap bar you buy. Surfactants are used with quantum dots in order to manipulate the growth,[25] assembly, and electrical properties of quantum dots, in addition to mediating reactions on their surfaces. Im concerned that several of the commenters have said that baking soda contains aluminum, which is untrue. , Okay, I will give it a try, too. Metabolic Signatures of Surface-Modified Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles in Differentiated THP-1 Cells Derived with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-based Metabolomics. Frigidaire EFIC103-AMZ-SC Counter Top Maker with Over-Sized Ice Bucket, Stainless Steel, Self Cleaning Function, Heavy Duty, Stainless for Women - 5 Pcs Bath and Body Gift Set with Ocean Scent, Includes Scented Candle, Bath Bomb, Body Butter, Hand Cream, Soap.